The simplestcoffee trade chain is from the farmer as producers of coffee that are sold to traders in small amounts, then traders sell to wholesalers, thanfrom wholesalers it sold to coffee businessmen or coffee exporters.Generally coffee trade patterns are influenced by the level of smoothness of transportation, especially in remote areas. The area with a fairly current transportation reducedthe existence of small traders so the farmers usually sell directly to wholesalers.
a. Line 1: Farmers - intermediate traders - collectors - exporters
b. Line 2: Farmers - intermediate traders - intercity traders - exporters
c. Line 3: Farmers - intermediate traders - collectors - intercity traders – exporters
Coffee is a commodity for export around 60% of total national coffee were exported, and the rest is consumed and stored by traders and exporters as a backup in the event of crop failure. Consequence of the large amount of coffee exported is dependency on the conditions and situation of the world coffee market. The main destination countries of Indonesian coffee exports are the United States, Germany, and Japan, which is known as the country's traditional export destinations. Indonesia's coffee exports data to the main destination countries for the year 2007 - 2011 can be seen in the following table:

 
In the International Coffee Agreement in 2001 agreed that the name and form of coffeein international trading, which is as follows.

1. The Green Coffee is coffee that has not been roasted and peeled
2. Dried coffee cherry is dried cherries
3. Parchment coffee is green coffee beans that still have bark horn
4. Roasted Coffee is green coffee beans that have been roasted with a certain degree of heat
5. Decaffeinated Coffee is green coffee or coffee that has been roasted or soluble coffee with caffeine content that has been extracted
6. Liquid Coffee is coffee that has been roasted and the form is transformed into a liquid form with water
7. Soluble coffee is coffee roasted that originating coffee that formed into a solid form that can be diluted with water (a type of instant coffee)

Exports of Indonesian coffee beans not only form, but the form of processed coffee, among other roasted coffee, coffee powder, anddissolved coffee. But exports of Indonesian coffee processed products (coffee powder form) is still very small, less of 1% compared to the export of coffee beans which reached 99.8% (468 749 tonnes in 2008). Therefore, the need to diversify the products that can be developed in small and medium scale and large scaleenterprises. Coffee processing technology is relatively simple and can be designed in a variety of business scale so that the value added processing can be enjoyed by coffee farmers.

Cultivation of robusta coffee initially to overcome arabica coffee plants damage due to leaf rust disease. Now the Robusta coffee plant has been growing rapidly and dominate the coffee plantation area in Indonesia.Robusta coffee cultivation grown so that businesses require planting material improvement through breeding. Robusta coffee plant breeding was first performed at the experimental farm belonging to the Dutch government (GovernementProeftuin) in Bagelan, Malang in 1911 to 1923 which resulted the source of planting materials that are named R BGN 124 and BGN 300. Planting material is a cloned embryo of coffee robustaBagelan (BGN).
Breeding Robusta coffee is also done by the Research Board of East Java and Central Java (ProefstationMidden-Oost Java) based in Malang, which generate clones with the series SA (SumberAsin) in the year 1926 to 1938, such as SA 13, SA 34, SA 109, and SA 158. Moreover, Besuki Research Institute (BesoekishProefstation) at the Experiment FarmKaliwiningin 1925 to 1929 has resulted in the suggestion of Robusta coffee planting material is BP 39, BP 42, and Moemboel 3.04
Tests on 18 clones of robusta coffee in Experiment Kaliwining by SoedarsanThe need has resulted in BP 409 as recommended planting materials for low and rather dry areas. The test results of the 20 clones of robusta coffee in the Mount gumitir Plantation also have produced clones of BP 358 as recommended planting materials.
Examination of robusta coffee crossing to produce hybrid varieties also carried out in order to get materials such as seed planting. Robusta coffee clones were conducted as a crossing is BP 42, BP 358, SA 24, and SA 34. Crossbreeding and the test was started in 1964 to 1974 and resulted in hybrid robusta coffee planting materials are recommended, namely BP BP 42 x 358 or resiproknya . The results of examinationon several clones of robusta coffee made ​​by Yahmadi and Hartobudoyo has resulted in Robusta coffee planting materials, which is BP 358, BP 409, BP 234, and SA 237.
Characteristic of plants
Branch of reproduction on robusta coffee growing upright. Coffee fruit is produced from primary branches that grow horizontally. Primary branch is sufficiently flexible form a canopy like an umbrella.Leaves rounded like an egg shape with a pointed leaf tip to blunt. The leaves grow on stems, branches and twigs. On the trunk and branches growing perpendicular to the alternating arrangement of the leaves. While on the twigs and branches growing horizontal leaf pair in the same plane. Robusta be relatively resistant to leaf rust disease.
Robusta coffee plants have started flowering at the age of 2 years. Flowers grow on primary axillary branches. Each interest group armpits are 3-4. Flowers usually bloom early in the dry season. Unlike the arabica, robusta coffee flowers are cross-pollinated.Young fruit is green, turn red after cooking. Although it has full fledged, robusta coffee fruit securely attached to the stalk. Period of time of start of flowering to fruit ready for harvest ranged 10-11 months.
Robusta coffee plants have shallow roots. Therefore the need fertile soil and rich organic content. This plant is also quite sensitive to drought.

Currently, most of the coffee plants grown in Indonesia is robusta coffee (90%) and the rest of ofarabica coffee. Coffee planting in Indonesia began in 1696 using the type of Arabica coffee. But planting coffee this typeis not really successful. In 1699 the Dutch East Indies government again brought arabica coffee, then well developed in Java. Arabica coffee is known as the Java coffee has excellent quality and is an important export commodity for more than 100 years.
Since 1878 raised on the plant leaf rust disease caused by the fungus coffee Hemileavastatrix B et Br. The disease results in damage and death of the plant as well as a very large yield losses. Various ways have been made to control the disease at that time. But no way satisfactorily managed. Therefore, since 1900 tahnu developed to replace robusta coffee arabica coffee as planting material resistant to leaf rust disease. Thus, a change in dominance types of coffee plants cultivated arabica coffee types into the type of robusta coffee. Arabica coffee is left generally only in the highlands (> 1000 m asl). This is due to less intensive levels of fungal attack on H. Vastatrix elevation of 1,000 m above sea level or more. Arabica coffee plants are still able to survive and produce well enough in the area with the altitude. Different premises arabica coffee, robusta coffee is generally grown on land with elevation 0-1000 m above sea level.
As for other things to encourage the entry of Indonesian Robusta coffee is robusta seed purchases by the companies "CultuurMij. SoeberAgoeng" in 1900 from l'HorticuleColoniale based in Brussels. The seeds to produce seedlings are imported from the Belgian Congo (now Zaire) that located in West Africa. Right on 10 September 1900 Robusta coffee seeds was received in SoemberAgoeng plantation, WringinAnom, and Kali BakarDampitthat located about 40 km in south-east from the city of Malang.
Efforts to enter Robustacoffee to Indonesia also performed by the combined planters in Kediri region ("VerenigingLandbouwKedirische") in 1901. Moreover, the Dutch government also included the robusta coffeeto the experimental plantationthat own by Dutch government (GovernementProeftuin) inBagelan near Malang for research purposes.

1. The development of Arabica Coffee

Arabica coffee was first cultivated in Indonesia in 1696. In order to overcome the problem of leaf rust disease, has made ​​the selection of the parent tree population arabica coffee there and crossing between tipekopiarabica or with other varieties. The breeding activity has produced several varieties of suggestion, namely BLP (BlawanPasumah) 10, BLP 11, and 1 jember known as tipika are still susceptible to leaf rust disease. Crosses with coffee konuga generate java hybrid tolerant to leaf rust disease but low productivity. Furthermore, the result of crossbreeding with coffee Liberika not produce hybrids that possess high productivity.Since 1980 breeding arabica coffee in Indonesia, which aims to get a better planting materials intensively
 

Toraja coffee as the best Indonesian Arabica coffee product is fine in quality; that is why it is often listed on every coffee shops’ menu list.
 
Toraja Coffee – Best Indonesian Arabica Coffee Product
 
Lots of people have drinking coffee habit as a part of their life. They have it in the morning, enjoy it in coffee shop in the afternoon, or drink coffee as loyal companion while doing their late work. For more practical reason, many people tend to choose coffee shop as the place to enjoy their favorite coffee and as a place where many people gather and socialize after many hours of working.
 
If you are looking for an exclusive coffee tasting, stunning coffee beans with unique flavor and balance taste, look no other than Toraja coffee. Got its reputation as the finest Arabica coffee in Indonesia or even worldwide, Toraja coffee offers the best and unique characteristic to be enjoyed by all coffee fanatics.
 
Toraja Coffee and its History
Grown and cultivated in Tana Toraja highland, Sulawesi, Toraja coffee ranked the second as best Indonesian coffee after Luwak coffee. Sulawesi coffee has crispy and refreshing taste, and it is particularly special for people who love dark roasted coffee type. Unlike Javanese or Sumatran Arabica coffees, Toraja coffee has a brighter flavor that is fused with spice and earthy characteristic. Exquisite coffee taste is obtained through careful and strict cultivation and processing methods, which are done by experienced locals. The process results in good and balanced body texture, proper sweetness, combined with spice notes.
 
With its ancient geological history for more than 100 million years, Sulawesi makes the best place to cultivate Arabica coffee. The Toraja coffee is cultivated in relatively high altitudes in Tana Toraja, between 1,000 – 1,700 meters and considered more superior compared to the coffee generated from the southern areas in Indonesia with lower elevation. Hundreds of coffee shop make stock of Toraja coffee to fulfill high demand of their customers.
 
What Contributes to the Unique Taste of Toraja Coffee
The ancient history of Sulawesi geological feature that affects its soil characteristics is also believed to be one of the factors that affect Toraja coffee flavor. Although coffee shop also serve Toraja coffee in different variations, you will mostly taste the same characteristics of the coffee; cinnamon-like warm spice notes, or very mild black pepper flavor. The smooth and soft sweetness is perfect to be enjoyed during the rainy days. Besides in Toraja, the coffee is also widely cultivated in Kalossi area, a small region in central Sulawesi. Toraja coffee has also made its way overseas, with the most fans are from Japan.
 
There is more than one reason of why Toraja Coffee is a must-have coffee. Almost every coffee shop in Indonesia has Toraja Coffee in their menu list, as it is very popular due to fine quality of product. All Indonesian coffees are well known for their good complexity of flavor, and Toraja coffee is no exception. This type of coffee has rich flavor, strong texture and complex aroma that attract all coffee lovers to come and buy this coffee right from its origin place. Your experience will not complete without tasting this fine dark coffee. The complexity of flavor will melt in your palate and linger for some times, and its mild acidity is good to be enjoyed by people even when they have stomach problems.

Kopi Toraja punya riwayat panjang. Ada banyak versi kapan dan siapa yang membawanya ke daerah ini sehingga setelah sekian lama menjadi kopi spesial yang benar-benar khas Toraja.

Sumber-sumber lisan merabanya hingga abad ke-17. Boleh jadi ini merujuk catatan terkait pengiriman bibit kopi yemen (baca: arabika) dari India kepada gubernur jenderal Hindia Belanda di Batavia menjelang akhir abad ke-17. Satu rangkaian waktu dengan perkenalan orang-orang Ceylon dengan tanaman kopi sejenis, yang juga mulai menyebar hingga ke Nusantara pada 1658.

Dalam versi lain, seperti dilansir T William Bigalke (Tana Toraja: A Social History of An Indonesia People, 2005), cikal bakal kopi toraja diperkirakan baru dimulai pada paruh pertama abad ke-18. Tapi ini berangkat dari catatan Van Dijk ketika membuka perkebunan kopi di kawasan Rantekarua pada 1928, yang menyebutkan bahwa di Sa’dan ia menemukan kopi berusia sekitar 200 tahun.

Jika catatan mengenai kapan pastinya sejarah perkopian di Toraja bermula masih kabur, tidak demikian dengan dinamika sosial-politik yang menyertainya. Pada abad ke-19, kopi asal Toraja sudah jadi bahan pergunjingan di pesta-pesta elite di Batavia. Bahkan, sejak itu kopi toraja menjadi salah satu komoditas perdagangan yang dikirim ke Eropa.

Seperti halnya di Batavia, di Eropa pun kopi toraja langsung mendapat tempat di kalangan elite di sana, yang oleh masyarakat Toraja kala itu disetarakan dengan para dewa. Hanya saja, merek dagangnya bertumpang tindih dengan nama Kalosi (kalosi coffee), yang pada masa itu memang menjadi semacam ”pasar induk” perdagangan kopi di wilayah Toraja dan Enrekang.

Sejak itu pula Kopi Toraja jadi rebutan antarpedagang besar. Pedagang Arab dari Palopo di utara dan pedagang Bugis dari Sidenreng-Rappang-Bone di selatan saling bersaing. Sementara di Toraja sendiri antar-elite penguasa lokal pun tak akur. Masing-masing menjalin kontak dengan kedua pihak dari luar, termasuk dalam hal pasokan senjata.


Menjelang akhir abad ke-19, tepatnya pada 1889, konflik terbuka akibat perebutan ”emas hitam” itu tak terhindarkan. Sejarah pun mencatatnya sebagai ”Perang Kopi”, menandai satu babak dari perjalanan kopi toraja di panggung dunia, hingga akhirnya Belanda masuk menguasai kawasan pedalaman Sulawesi Selatan ini pada 1906.